Infectious stomatitis of iguanas
Infectious stomatitis, also called "rotten mouth", is an infection of the iguana's oral mucosa. It affects the gums, palate and inside of the cheeks. Bacteria normally present in the mouth take advantage of a drop in the animal's defenses t...
What is it?
Infectious stomatitis, also called "rotten mouth", is an infection of the iguana's oral mucosa. It affects the gums, palate and inside of the cheeks. Bacteria normally present in the mouth take advantage of a drop in the animal's defenses to multiply and create lesions. Without treatment, the infection can spread to the jaw bone and become serious.
Key point
An untreated infection can reach the jaw bone or spread throughout the body, putting the iguana's life in danger.
Commonly observed signs
These signs are neither exhaustive nor specific. Only a veterinarian can establish a diagnosis.
Related signs — each one links to its page:
The first signs are discreet: the iguana eats less or refuses its food, and drools a little more than usual.
When examining the mouth, we can see redness, swelling of the gums, then small whitish or yellowish plaques that look like cheese.
These plaques develop into ulcers that bleed easily and give off an unpleasant odor.
In advanced forms, the animal becomes despondent, loses weight, and may have visible swelling of the jaw if the infection affects the bone.
When to consult without delay
This list does not replace veterinary advice. It gathers situations that justify a prompt consultation.
Causes and risk factors
The disease is caused by the overgrowth of opportunistic bacteria, often Gram-negative bacteria already present in the healthy iguana's mouth. These bacteria become pathogenic when the balance of the oral mucosa is disrupted, usually as a result of stress, injury or a weakened immune system.
Too low an ambient temperature is the main risk factor, because cold-blooded reptiles need warmth for their immune systems to function properly.
Insufficient UVB lighting and a lack of calcium or vitamins in the diet also weaken the animal's defenses.
Small wounds in the mouth, caused by hard food or contact with the walls of the terrarium, open the door to bacteria.
Stress linked to poorly adapted housing, overpopulation or a change in environment also plays a contributing role.
Diagnosis and care
Diagnosis is the veterinarian's responsibility, based on clinical examination and laboratory tests. Care is decided case by case.
The veterinarian examines the iguana's mouth and assesses the extent of the lesions. A sample of oral secretions can be taken to identify the bacteria involved and guide the choice of treatment.
X-rays of the jaw are sometimes necessary if bone damage is suspected.
Treatment
Treatment is based on antibiotics adapted to the bacteria identified, combined with local cleaning of oral lesions with mild antiseptics.
Correcting breeding conditions (temperature, UVB, diet) is an integral part of treatment.
In advanced cases involving bone, surgical treatment to clean the affected tissue may be necessary.
Food support is sometimes essential if the animal can no longer feed itself.
Treatment depends on the cause and the animal's condition: it must be determined by a veterinarian. No self-medication.
Prevention
Maintaining a suitable temperature and humidity level in the terrarium is essential to preserve the iguana's immunity.
Quality UVB lighting and a balanced diet of calcium and vitamins help keep the oral mucosa healthy.
It is advisable to inspect the animal's mouth regularly to spot any abnormal signs as early as possible.
Avoiding stress and oral injuries, by offering a diet adapted in texture, also reduces the risk.
Possible complications
If left untreated, the infection can spread to the jaw bone, leading to osteomyelitis that is difficult to treat.
It can also spread to the throat and respiratory tract, or enter the bloodstream and affect other organs, putting the animal's life at risk.
Prolonged loss of appetite leads to severe weight loss and general weakening.
When to see a veterinarian
The iguana has been refusing to eat for more than a day or two.
White, yellowish patches or ulcers are visible in the mouth.
An unusual odor emanates from the animal's mouth.
Swelling of the jaw or face is observed.
The animal becomes abnormally despondent or loses weight quickly.
Prognosis
The prognosis is good if the disease is detected and treated early, with correction of breeding conditions.
It becomes reserved when the infection has reached the jaw bone or has become generalized, requiring longer and more complex treatment.
Frequently asked questions
Is infectious iguana stomatitis contagious to humans?
No, it is not a known zoonotic disease. It remains an infection specific to reptiles, linked to an imbalance in its oral flora.
Can this disease be treated without going to the veterinarian?
No, an accurate diagnosis is necessary to identify the bacteria involved and prevent the infection from getting worse. Inadequate treatment can delay healing.
What is the most common cause of this disease?
An unsuitable habitat, in particular too low a temperature or a lack of UVB, is the most common cause because it weakens the iguana's natural defenses.
How long does the treatment last?
The duration varies depending on the severity of the lesions, ranging from a few weeks for mild cases to several months if the jaw bone is affected.
References
AVMA — American Veterinary Medical Association
Content reviewed by the TunisieVet editorial team · Updated 27 September 2026
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