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Brucellosis
Brucellosis is an infectious bacterial disease affecting cattle, goats, sheep, and camels, which can also be transmitted to humans. It mainly causes abortions and reproductive problems in affected animals. This disease is a significant publ...
What is it?
Brucellosis is an infectious bacterial disease affecting cattle, goats, sheep, and camels, which can also be transmitted to humans. It mainly causes abortions and reproductive problems in affected animals. This disease is a significant public health concern in Tunisia due to its possible transmission through unpasteurized dairy products.
Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, notably Brucella abortus in cattle and Brucella melitensis in goats and sheep. These bacteria settle in the reproductive tract and mammary glands of infected animals.
Introducing untested new animals into a herd, lack of vaccination, and close contact between herds increase the risk of spread. Traditional farming conditions with mixed herds are also a risk factor in Tunisia.
Commonly observed signs
These signs are neither exhaustive nor specific. Only a veterinarian can establish a diagnosis.
In females, the most common sign is abortion, often late in pregnancy, along with retained placenta. In males, testicular inflammation may be observed. Some infected animals show no visible signs while remaining carriers of the bacteria.
When to consult without delay
This list does not replace veterinary advice. It gathers situations that justify a prompt consultation.
Transmission
The disease is mainly transmitted through contact with aborted material, placenta, or vaginal discharge from infected animals. It can also spread through ingestion of contaminated unpasteurized milk. Transmission to humans often occurs through direct contact with infected tissues or consumption of raw dairy products.
Diagnosis and care
Diagnosis is the veterinarian's responsibility, based on clinical examination and laboratory tests. Care is decided case by case.
If you suspect brucellosis in an animal (abortion, abnormal discharge), consult a veterinarian immediately and avoid direct contact without protection. Only a professional can confirm the diagnosis and advise on the course of action for the herd and human health.
Prevention
Vaccinating the herd according to programs recommended by veterinary authorities is a key pillar of prevention. It is also advisable to regularly test animals, isolate new arrivals, and consume only pasteurized milk. Wearing gloves during risky handling also protects farmers.
References
WOAH — Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (ex-OIE)
OMS — Organisation mondiale de la santé
Content reviewed by the TunisieVet editorial team · Updated 08 August 2026
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This information is provided for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for a veterinary consultation. If you have any concerns about your animal's health, consult a veterinarian.
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