Saimiri metabolic bone disease
Saimiri metabolic bone disease is a disorder affecting the skeleton of squirrel monkeys (Saïmiri) raised in captivity. \n\nIt results from an imbalance between calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D in the diet. \n\nThis imbalance weakens the bo...
What is it?
Saimiri metabolic bone disease is a disorder affecting the skeleton of squirrel monkeys (Saïmiri) raised in captivity. \n\nIt results from an imbalance between calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D in the diet. \n\nThis imbalance weakens the bones, which become less dense and more prone to deformation or fracture. \n\nIt is a well-known pathology in small New World primates kept in captivity, particularly when their diet is not adapted to their specific needs.
Key point
Potentially serious illness if not treated in time, which can lead to multiple fractures and lasting disability.
Commonly observed signs
These signs are neither exhaustive nor specific. Only a veterinarian can establish a diagnosis.
Related signs — each one links to its page:
The first signs are often discreet: the animal moves less, seems stiff or hesitates to jump from one branch to another. \n\nAs it progresses, lameness may appear, sometimes on one limb then on several. \n\nLong bones can become deformed, especially in the legs, giving an arched appearance. \n\nIn advanced cases, fractures can occur spontaneously, even during normal movements such as jumping or a slight fall. \n\nThe animal may also lose its appetite, lose weight and become despondent.
When to consult without delay
This list does not replace veterinary advice. It gathers situations that justify a prompt consultation.
Causes and risk factors
The main cause is a dietary imbalance, most often an excess of phosphorus associated with a lack of calcium, or an overall lack of vitamin D. \n\nSaimiris have particular nutritional needs, different from those of other primates, which makes rationing errors common in captivity. \n\nA lack of exposure to suitable light can also play a role, vitamin D being partly synthesized using certain light radiation.
A diet composed mainly of fruit, few mineral supplements, or a diet not specifically formulated for New World primates increase the risk. \n\nYoung growing animals are particularly vulnerable, because their needs for calcium and vitamin D are higher. \n\nA lack of exposure to suitable natural or artificial light is also a contributing factor. \n\nAnimals kept in captivity for a long time without regular nutritional monitoring are more at risk.
Diagnosis and care
Diagnosis is the veterinarian's responsibility, based on clinical examination and laboratory tests. Care is decided case by case.
The veterinarian first evaluates the animal through a clinical examination, looking for bone tenderness, deformities or an abnormal gait. \n\nX-rays are usually needed to visualize bone density and detect possible fractures or deformities. \n\nBlood tests can complete the assessment, in particular to assess calcium and phosphorus levels. \n\nA detailed review of the animal's current diet is an essential step in the diagnosis.
Treatment
Management is mainly based on gradual correction of diet, under veterinary supervision, with appropriate mineral and vitamin supplements. \n\nIn cases with fractures, surgical or orthopedic treatment may be necessary. \n\nRest or temporary limitation of physical activity is often recommended while the bones strengthen.
Treatment depends on the cause and the animal's condition: it must be determined by a veterinarian. No self-medication.
Prevention
Prevention is based above all on a balanced diet, specifically formulated for the needs of saimiris, with an appropriate intake of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D. \n\nRegular veterinary monitoring makes it possible to check that the ration remains appropriate to the age and physiological state of the animal. \n\nExposure to appropriate light, when recommended by a specialist, can also contribute to prevention.
Possible complications
Without treatment, the disease can progress to multiple fractures, permanent bone deformities or an inability to move normally. \n\nIn severe cases, the animal may develop partial paralysis linked to vertebral fractures or nerve compression.
When to see a veterinarian
The animal limps or avoids jumping even though it was previously capable of doing so.
A deformity of the legs or back is visible.
The animal appears painful when touched or handled.
A fracture is suspected after a slight fall.
The animal loses its appetite, loses weight or becomes abnormally depressed.
Prognosis
The prognosis depends on the stage of the disease at the time of treatment. \n\nDetected early, with rapid dietary correction, the evolution is often favorable. \n\nOn the other hand, already established bone deformities or multiple fractures can leave permanent after-effects, affecting the mobility of the animal in the long term.
Frequently asked questions
Why are saimiris particularly susceptible to this disease?
Their needs for calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D are specific and different from those of other primates. A poorly adapted diet, particularly one too rich in fruit, easily leads to bone imbalance.
Is this disease reversible?
If it is detected early and the diet is corrected quickly under veterinary supervision, the bone can regain better strength. Deformations already installed, on the other hand, do not always disappear completely.
Is a saïmiri fed only fruit at risk?
Yes, a diet based primarily on fruit is generally low in calcium and unbalanced in phosphorus, which significantly increases the risk of developing this disease.
How do I know if my saïmiri's diet is suitable?
A veterinarian specializing in exotic animals can evaluate the ration and suggest adjustments or supplements if necessary.
References
WSAVA — World Small Animal Veterinary Association
Content reviewed by the TunisieVet editorial team · Updated 23 September 2026
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