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Myxomatosis
Myxomatosis is a serious and highly contagious viral disease affecting domestic and wild rabbits. It causes characteristic swellings, especially around the head and genital area. The disease often progresses rapidly and can be fatal without...
What is it?
Myxomatosis is a serious and highly contagious viral disease affecting domestic and wild rabbits. It causes characteristic swellings, especially around the head and genital area. The disease often progresses rapidly and can be fatal without early veterinary care.
The disease is caused by the myxoma virus, a poxvirus specific to rabbits. This virus attacks the skin and mucous membranes, leading to the typical swellings and lesions. It can survive for some time in the environment, particularly in insect vectors.
Rabbits living outdoors or near insect-infested areas are at higher risk. Lack of protection against fleas and mosquitoes increases the risk of infection. Contact with wild or unvaccinated rabbits is also an important risk factor.
Commonly observed signs
These signs are neither exhaustive nor specific. Only a veterinarian can establish a diagnosis.
The most visible signs are swelling of the face, eyelids, ears and genital area, giving a 'lion head' appearance. Eye and nose discharge, lethargy, loss of appetite and sometimes breathing difficulties are also observed. Progression can be very fast in susceptible rabbits.
When to consult without delay
This list does not replace veterinary advice. It gathers situations that justify a prompt consultation.
Transmission
The virus is mainly transmitted through insect bites such as fleas and mosquitoes, which act as mechanical vectors. Transmission can also occur through direct contact between infected rabbits or contaminated equipment. Wild rabbits can be a source of infection for domestic rabbits.
Diagnosis and care
Diagnosis is the veterinarian's responsibility, based on clinical examination and laboratory tests. Care is decided case by case.
If you notice signs suggestive of myxomatosis in your rabbit, it is essential to consult a veterinarian promptly. Only a professional can assess the situation and provide appropriate care. Never attempt self-medication without veterinary advice.
Prevention
Regular vaccination of pet rabbits remains the most effective prevention method. It is also advisable to limit contact with wild rabbits and control biting insects around housing areas. A clean and well-maintained environment also reduces transmission risks.
References
WOAH — Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (ex-OIE)
Content reviewed by the TunisieVet editorial team · Updated 08 August 2026
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This information is provided for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for a veterinary consultation. If you have any concerns about your animal's health, consult a veterinarian.
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