Greater horseshoe bat

Presentation

The Greater horseshoe bat is a medium-sized bat characterized by a very distinctive facial structure. Its nose has a complex of skin folds shaped like a horseshoe, hence its scientific name. It is one of the largest species of horseshoe bats in Europe and North Africa.

The Greater horseshoe bat has large, pointed ears, lacking a tragus (internal cartilaginous projection). Its wings are broad and rounded, suitable for slow, maneuverable flight. The wing membrane extends to the base of the toes, forming a sac between the legs.

Characteristics

Indicative values: they vary by subspecies, sex and region.

Habitat and distribution

The Greater horseshoe bat inhabits deciduous forests and mountainous areas of Europe and North Africa. It prefers semi-open landscapes, groves, meadows and agricultural areas dotted with trees, with proximity to caves or underground structures for resting.

Behaviour

It is a nocturnal species which roosts during the day in caves, abandoned mines or buildings. It uses echolocation with high frequency screams emitted from the mouth. It flies slowly and close to the ground, capable of hovering to catch its prey.

Reproduction

The Greater horseshoe bat mates in autumn after a long ritual mating. Females give birth to one young per year, usually in June-July. Breastfeeding lasts approximately 5 weeks. The young fly independently after 6 to 8 weeks.

Peculiarities

Its complex nasal system (nasal sheet) plays a crucial role in the emission of directional echolocation ultrasound. The Greater horseshoe bat can hear the very subtle noises made by insects, allowing it to hunt extremely precisely. Its long ear hairs are richly innervated and sensory.

Threats and conservation

Major threats include habitat loss and fragmentation, pesticide use reducing insect populations, and roost disturbance. Climate change also affects seasonal cycles and insect availability.

References

UICN — Liste rouge des espèces menacées

Profile updated 01 September 2026 · Reviewed by the TunisieVet editorial team.