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Foot-and-mouth disease
Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. It causes painful lesions in the mouth and on the feet. This disease is closely monitored because it can have...
What is it?
Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. It causes painful lesions in the mouth and on the feet. This disease is closely monitored because it can have a major economic impact on livestock farming.
This disease is caused by a virus belonging to the Picornaviridae family, known for its high mutation capacity. Several different serotypes of the virus exist, which complicates immune protection between animals. The virus survives well in the environment, particularly in organic matter.
Farms with high animal density and frequent trade movements are more exposed. Lack of hygiene measures and border controls promotes spread. Areas where vaccination is not regularly practiced also present an increased risk.
Commonly observed signs
These signs are neither exhaustive nor specific. Only a veterinarian can establish a diagnosis.
Affected animals show fever, excessive salivation, loss of appetite and lameness. Blisters often appear on the tongue, gums, nostrils and between the hooves. A drop in milk production and weight loss may also occur.
When to consult without delay
This list does not replace veterinary advice. It gathers situations that justify a prompt consultation.
Transmission
The virus spreads very easily through direct contact between animals, through the air over short distances, or via contaminated objects such as equipment, vehicles or clothing. It can also spread through contaminated feed, water or animal products. The disease does not affect humans.
Diagnosis and care
Diagnosis is the veterinarian's responsibility, based on clinical examination and laboratory tests. Care is decided case by case.
If signs suggesting foot-and-mouth disease appear, it is essential to contact a veterinarian promptly, as this disease is notifiable in many countries. Isolating suspect animals may help limit spread while awaiting professional intervention. Only a veterinarian can confirm the disease and advise on the appropriate course of action.
Prevention
Regular herd vaccination is an important preventive measure in affected areas. It is recommended to limit contact with animals of unknown origin and to disinfect equipment and vehicles. Consulting a veterinarian helps establish a prevention program suited to the farm.
References
WOAH — Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (ex-OIE)
Content reviewed by the TunisieVet editorial team · Updated 08 August 2026
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