Myxomatosis
Myxomatosis is a serious and highly contagious viral disease that affects domestic and wild rabbits. It causes characteristic swellings, especially in the head and genitals. This disease often progresses quickly and can be fatal without ear...
What is it?
Myxomatosis is a serious and highly contagious viral disease that affects domestic and wild rabbits. It causes characteristic swellings, especially in the head and genitals. This disease often progresses quickly and can be fatal without early veterinary care.
Commonly observed signs
These signs are neither exhaustive nor specific. Only a veterinarian can establish a diagnosis.
Related signs — each one links to its page:
The most visible signs are swelling of the face, eyelids, ears and genitals, giving a “lion’s head” appearance. There is also discharge from the eyes and nose, lethargy, loss of appetite and sometimes difficulty breathing. The progression can be very rapid in susceptible rabbits.
When to consult without delay
This list does not replace veterinary advice. It gathers situations that justify a prompt consultation.
Causes and risk factors
The disease is caused by the Myxomatosis virus, a poxvirus specific to rabbits. This virus attacks the skin and mucous membranes, causing the typical swelling and lesions. It can survive for some time in the environment, particularly among insect vectors.
Rabbits living outdoors or near insect-infested areas are at greater risk. The lack of protection against fleas and mosquitoes increases the risk of contamination. Contact with wild or unvaccinated rabbits is also a significant risk factor.
Transmission
The virus is transmitted mainly through the bites of insects such as fleas and mosquitoes, which act as mechanical vectors. Transmission can also occur by direct contact between infected rabbits or via contaminated equipment. Wild rabbits can be a source of contamination for domestic rabbits.
Diagnosis and care
Diagnosis is the veterinarian's responsibility, based on clinical examination and laboratory tests. Care is decided case by case.
If you notice signs suggestive of Myxomatosis in your rabbit, it is essential to consult a veterinarian quickly. Only a professional can assess the situation and offer appropriate support. Never attempt self-medication without veterinary advice.
Prevention
Regular vaccination of domestic rabbits remains the most effective means of prevention. It is also advisable to limit contact with wild rabbits and to fight against biting insects around habitats. A clean and well-maintained environment also reduces the risk of transmission.
References
WOAH — Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (ex-OIE)
Content reviewed by the TunisieVet editorial team · Updated 18 August 2026
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