Sheep pox

What is it?

Sheeppox is a highly contagious viral disease that affects sheep and sometimes goats. It causes characteristic skin lesions all over the animal's body. It is a serious disease, requiring mandatory notification in Tunisia, because it can cause heavy economic losses on livestock farms.

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Commonly observed signs

These signs are neither exhaustive nor specific. Only a veterinarian can establish a diagnosis.

Causes and risk factors

The disease is caused by a virus of the genus Capripoxvirus, belonging to the Poxviridae family. This virus is very resistant in the environment, which facilitates its persistence in affected farms.

The gathering of animals in markets or during transhumance increases the risk of contamination. The introduction of uncontrolled animals into a herd, as well as the lack of hygiene and vaccination, also favor the appearance of the disease.

Transmission

The virus is transmitted mainly by direct contact between sick and healthy animals, or by inhalation of viral particles in the air. It can also be spread by contaminated equipment, clothing or vehicles, as well as by certain biting insects.

Diagnosis and care

Diagnosis is the veterinarian's responsibility, based on clinical examination and laboratory tests. Care is decided case by case.

Treatment

There is no treatment that directly cures sheep pox, as it is a viral disease. The veterinarian first confirms the suspicion and alerts the official veterinary services, since sheep pox is a notifiable disease.

Care is mainly supportive: cleaning and disinfection of skin lesions, local care to promote healing, and support for the animal (water, easy-to-eat food, rest).

The veterinarian may prescribe an antibiotic to treat or prevent bacterial infections that complicate the lesions. Medicines for fever and pain may also be used.

Sick animals are isolated from the rest of the flock. The authorities may impose health measures, such as restricting movements, disinfecting premises and equipment, and sometimes culling affected animals. Do not give any medication without veterinary advice.

Prevention

Vaccination

Live attenuated vaccines against Capripoxviruses are available. They protect sheep and goats against sheep pox.

Vaccination is carried out by a veterinarian or under the supervision of the official veterinary services. It is generally done once a year, before high-risk periods such as gatherings or transhumance. The exact schedule depends on the local health situation and official guidelines.

Ask your veterinarian for the vaccine suited to your species and the best time to vaccinate. Do not use a vaccine without their advice.

Possible complications

Skin lesions can become infected with bacteria. They can also be invaded by flies and maggots.

Lesions in the mouth, nose and lungs can cause difficulty eating and breathing, as well as pneumonia.

Young animals are the most vulnerable: mortality can be high in lambs and kids.

In pregnant females, the disease can cause abortion. Involvement of the udder hinders nursing.

Recovered animals may keep scars that damage the skin and fleece. They lose weight and produce less, leading to significant economic losses for the farm.

When to see a veterinarian

References

WOAH — Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (ex-OIE)

Content reviewed by the TunisieVet editorial team · Updated 30 October 2026