Bluetongue
Bluetongue is a viral disease that mainly affects sheep, but also cattle and goats. It is transmitted by small biting insects and causes inflammation of the mucous membranes and blood vessels. It represents an important economic issue for l...
What is it?
Bluetongue is a viral disease that mainly affects sheep, but also cattle and goats. It is transmitted by small biting insects and causes inflammation of the mucous membranes and blood vessels. It represents an important economic issue for livestock farming in Tunisia and around the world.
Commonly observed signs
These signs are neither exhaustive nor specific. Only a veterinarian can establish a diagnosis.
Related signs — each one links to its page:
The most common signs in sheep are fever, swelling of the muzzle and lips, excessive salivation and sometimes a bluish tongue. We can also observe lameness, weight loss and breathing difficulties. In cattle and goats, symptoms are often more discreet or absent.
When to consult without delay
This list does not replace veterinary advice. It gathers situations that justify a prompt consultation.
Causes and risk factors
The disease is caused by a virus called Bluetongue virus, belonging to the Reoviridae family. There are several serotypes of this virus, which complicates the immune protection of animals. The virus multiplies in the body of the infected animal and in certain insect vectors.
Areas where Culicoides midges proliferate, particularly humid and warm regions, are at increased risk. Summer periods and farms located near stagnant water points favor the presence of insect vectors. Lack of herd vaccination is also a significant risk factor.
Transmission
The virus is transmitted mainly through the bite of small midges called Culicoides, which act as biological vectors. The disease is not transmitted directly from one animal to another by simple contact. Transmission can also occur from mother to fetus in certain cases.
Diagnosis and care
Diagnosis is the veterinarian's responsibility, based on clinical examination and laboratory tests. Care is decided case by case.
If Bluetongue is suspected, it is essential to promptly contact a veterinarian for a proper examination. Only a professional can confirm the disease and direct the treatment adapted to the animal. Never attempt to administer treatment without veterinary advice.
Prevention
Herd vaccination remains the most effective means of prevention when recommended by veterinary authorities. Controlling insect vectors, such as using repellents and cleaning up stagnant water sources, helps limit the spread. It is also advisable to avoid the movement of animals from areas where the disease is present.
References
WOAH — Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (ex-OIE)
Content reviewed by the TunisieVet editorial team · Updated 18 August 2026
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