Parasitism by raptor ectoparasites (mallophages and mites)
Parasitism by ectoparasites includes infestations of the skin and plumage of the buzzard by mallophages (feather-eating lice) and mites (small arthropods living on or in the skin). These parasites live on the surface or dig tiny galleries,...
What is it?
Parasitism by ectoparasites includes infestations of the skin and plumage of the buzzard by mallophages (feather-eating lice) and mites (small arthropods living on or in the skin). These parasites live on the surface or dig tiny galleries, feeding on feather debris, blood or skin secretions. In a wild or captive raptor, a light infestation often goes unnoticed, but a significant parasitic load weakens the bird, especially if it is already weakened, injured or stressed.
Commonly observed signs
These signs are neither exhaustive nor specific. Only a veterinarian can establish a diagnosis.
Related signs — each one links to its page:
The signs are often subtle at first. We may observe damaged, frayed or holed feathers, localized feather loss, areas of irritated, red or crusted skin, especially around the head, neck and under the wings. The bird scratches, preens its plumage excessively or appears agitated. In the event of a severe infestation, there is general depression, loss of appetite, weight loss and dull plumage which no longer ensures proper insulation or flight.
When to consult without delay
This list does not replace veterinary advice. It gathers situations that justify a prompt consultation.
Causes and risk factors
The infestation is due to mallophages (chewing lice, very specific to birds) and feather or skin mites. These parasites are transmitted by direct contact between birds, particularly at the nest between parents and young, or by contact with contaminated equipment, perches or nests. They are generally specific to birds and are not transmitted to humans or domestic mammals.
Young, injured, weakened, malnourished or stressed birds are more susceptible to a significant infestation. Promiscuity in captivity, in a care center or in an aviary, a dirty environment, the crowding of several birds, as well as an immune system already weakened by another disease encourage the multiplication of parasites.
Transmission
Transmission by direct contact between birds (in particular parents-young at the nest) or by contact with a contaminated environment, equipment or nests.
Diagnosis and care
Diagnosis is the veterinarian's responsibility, based on clinical examination and laboratory tests. Care is decided case by case.
The veterinarian or wildlife keeper carefully examines the plumage and skin using a magnifying glass, looking for lice, eggs (nits) stuck to the feathers or visible mites. A fine comb or clear tape can be used to pick up parasites and identify them under a microscope. The general examination of the bird also allows us to assess its overall health and look for an underlying cause of weakness.
Treatment
Treatment is based on the use of external antiparasitics suitable for birds, in the form of powder, spray or local treatment, prescribed and applied by a professional trained in raptors. A complete cleaning of the environment (cage, perches, nest) is essential at the same time to avoid reinfestation. Nutritional support may be offered if the bird is weakened.
Treatment depends on the cause and the animal's condition: it must be determined by a veterinarian. No self-medication.
Prevention
Regular maintenance of aviaries, cages and perches, with cleaning and disinfection, limits the presence of parasites in the environment. In raptor care centers, it is recommended to isolate new arrivals for the duration of an observation, to check the condition of the plumage during each handling and to avoid prolonged contact with undisinfected material between several birds.
Possible complications
A massive and neglected infestation can lead to anemia in young birds, significant plumage degradation compromising flight and thermal insulation, and general weakening conducive to other opportunistic infections.
When to see a veterinarian
Abnormally damaged, frayed or sparse plumage
Excessive and unusual scratching or restlessness
Visible areas of red, crusty, or irritated skin
Bird emaciated, dejected or refusing to eat
Discovery of visible parasites on feathers or skin
Prognosis
The prognosis is generally good when the infestation is spotted early and treated properly, with good environmental hygiene. It becomes more reserved in a bird that is already weakened, young or suffering from another concomitant pathology, where the parasitic infestation worsens the general condition.
Frequently asked questions
Can hawk moths infest a dog, a cat or a person?
No, these parasites are generally very specific to birds and do not survive on mammals or humans.
How do you know if a collected buzzard is infested with parasites?
A careful examination of the plumage and skin by a professional, sometimes with a magnifying glass, makes it possible to identify lice, eggs or mites and their traces on the feathers.
Can a healthy wild buzzard carry parasites without being sick?
Yes, a low parasite load is common in wild birds and is generally not a problem as long as the bird remains in good general condition.
Should we systematically treat all birds of prey collected in a care center?
A plumage examination is recommended upon arrival; Antiparasitic treatment is only applied if an infestation is confirmed, in the opinion of the veterinarian.
References
ESCCAP — European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites
WSAVA — World Small Animal Veterinary Association
Content reviewed by the TunisieVet editorial team · Updated 29 August 2026
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