Enterotoxemia

What is it?

Enterotoxemia is a serious disease that mainly affects sheep and goats, caused by toxins produced in the intestine. It often progresses very quickly and can lead to the death of the animal within a few hours. This disease is well known to Tunisian breeders, particularly in well-fed young animals.

Commonly observed signs

These signs are neither exhaustive nor specific. Only a veterinarian can establish a diagnosis.

Causes and risk factors

Enterotoxemia is caused by the excessive multiplication of Clostridium-type bacteria, notably Clostridium perfringens, normally present in small quantities in the intestine. When intestinal conditions change, such as after a sudden dietary change, these bacteria multiply rapidly and release dangerous toxins. These toxins then pass into the blood and affect several organs.

Abrupt dietary changes, such as a sudden switch to a diet high in grains or young grass, greatly increase the risk. Young, healthy, well-nourished animals are often the most affected, as are poorly vaccinated herds. Stress, overgrazing and insufficient hygiene of enclosures can also promote the appearance of the disease.

Transmission

Enterotoxemia is not a contagious disease that is passed from one animal to another. The responsible bacteria is already present naturally in the animal's intestine and only becomes dangerous under certain conditions favorable to its proliferation. It is therefore an internal imbalance rather than direct transmission between animals.

Diagnosis and care

Diagnosis is the veterinarian's responsibility, based on clinical examination and laboratory tests. Care is decided case by case.

Prevention

References

MSD Veterinary Manual

Content reviewed by the TunisieVet editorial team · Updated 18 August 2026