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Canine leishmaniasis
Canine leishmaniasis is a chronic parasitic disease affecting dogs that can also affect humans, making it an important zoonosis in Tunisia. It is caused by a microscopic parasite transmitted through the bite of a sandfly. The disease often...
What is it?
Canine leishmaniasis is a chronic parasitic disease affecting dogs that can also affect humans, making it an important zoonosis in Tunisia. It is caused by a microscopic parasite transmitted through the bite of a sandfly. The disease often progresses slowly and can affect the skin, internal organs, and immune system.
The disease is caused by a single-celled parasite of the genus Leishmania, mainly Leishmania infantum in Tunisia and the Mediterranean basin. This parasite invades the dog's immune cells, disrupting its natural defenses. The infection develops gradually and can remain silent for a long time before clinical signs appear.
Dogs living outdoors in rural areas or near humid zones are more exposed to sandfly bites. Warm regions of Tunisia with a high presence of these insects during summer increase the risk of infection. Certain dog breeds also appear more prone to developing the clinical form of the disease.
Commonly observed signs
These signs are neither exhaustive nor specific. Only a veterinarian can establish a diagnosis.
The most common signs include skin lesions such as hair loss around the eyes, crusts and ulcers, along with progressive weight loss. Dogs often show abnormally long nails, general fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and sometimes nosebleeds. These symptoms can vary greatly between dogs and may appear months after infection.
When to consult without delay
This list does not replace veterinary advice. It gathers situations that justify a prompt consultation.
Transmission
Transmission occurs mainly through the bite of an infected female sandfly, an insect active mostly at dusk and at night during warm months. Dogs do not usually transmit the disease directly to humans or other dogs without this insect vector. Rarer transmission can occur from mother to puppies or through blood transfusion.
Diagnosis and care
Diagnosis is the veterinarian's responsibility, based on clinical examination and laboratory tests. Care is decided case by case.
If you notice signs suggestive of this disease in your dog, it is essential to consult a veterinarian promptly for professional advice. Only a veterinarian can confirm the disease through appropriate tests and recommend suitable care. Regular follow-up is important since this disease requires long-term management.
Prevention
Prevention mainly relies on protection against sandfly bites, particularly through appropriate collars or repellent products recommended by a veterinarian. Avoiding letting the dog outside during peak sandfly activity hours, in the evening and at night, also reduces the risk. A vaccine exists in some countries and can be discussed with a veterinarian depending on the local situation.
References
OMS — Organisation mondiale de la santé
ESCCAP — European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites
Content reviewed by the TunisieVet editorial team · Updated 08 August 2026
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This information is provided for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for a veterinary consultation. If you have any concerns about your animal's health, consult a veterinarian.
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