parasitic disease Dog, Coyote Transmissible to humans

Canine leishmaniasis

Canine leishmaniasis is a chronic parasitic disease that affects dogs and can also affect humans, making it an important zoonosis in Tunisia. It is caused by a microscopic parasite transmitted by the bite of a sandfly (small midge). This di...

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Definition Signs Causes Transmission Diagnosis Prevention Sources Affected species

What is it?

Commonly observed signs

These signs are neither exhaustive nor specific. Only a veterinarian can establish a diagnosis.

Related signs — each one links to its page:

Hair loss Weight loss Reduction Scabs and skin lesions Non-healing wound Swollen lymph nodes Nosebleed Dandruff or flaking skin Lameness Loss of sight

The most common signs are skin lesions such as hair loss around the eyes, crusts and ulcers, as well as progressive weight loss. We often see abnormally long nails, general fatigue, swollen lymph nodes and sometimes nosebleeds. These symptoms can vary greatly from one dog to another and appear several months after infection.

When to consult without delay

This list does not replace veterinary advice. It gathers situations that justify a prompt consultation.

Causes and risk factors

The disease is caused by a unicellular parasite of the Leishmania genus, mainly Leishmania infantum in Tunisia and the Mediterranean basin. This parasite invades the cells of the dog's immune system, disrupting its natural defenses. The infection sets in gradually and may remain silent for a long time before clinical signs appear.

Dogs living outdoors in rural areas or near humid areas are more exposed to sandfly bites. The hot regions of Tunisia with a strong presence of these insects during the summer increase the risk of contamination. Certain dog breeds also seem more susceptible to developing the clinical form of the disease.

Transmission

Transmission occurs primarily through the bite of an infected female sandfly, an insect active mainly at dusk and at night during warm months. Dogs generally do not transmit the disease directly to humans or to another dog without the intervention of this insect vector. Rarer transmission can occur from mother to puppies or through blood transfusion.

Diagnosis and care

Diagnosis is the veterinarian's responsibility, based on clinical examination and laboratory tests. Care is decided case by case.

If you observe signs suggestive of this disease in your dog, it is essential to consult a veterinarian quickly for professional advice. Only a veterinarian can confirm the disease through appropriate examinations and offer appropriate treatment. Regular monitoring is important because this disease requires long-term management.

Prevention

Prevention is mainly based on protection against sand fly bites, in particular through collars or suitable repellent products recommended by a veterinarian. Avoiding leaving the dog outside during the hours of peak sandfly activity, i.e. in the evening and at night, also reduces the risk. A vaccine exists in some countries and can be discussed with a veterinarian depending on the local situation.