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bacterial disease Barbary ground squirrel Transmissible to humans

Squirrel pasteurellosis

Pasteurellosis is a bacterial infection caused by bacteria of the genus Pasteurella, most commonly Pasteurella multocida. In the Barbary squirrel, a species of rodent often kept as a pet in Tunisia, this bacteria can cause respiratory damag...

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Definition Signs Causes Transmission Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Complications When to see a vet Zoonosis Prognosis FAQ Sources Affected species

What is it?

Pasteurellosis is a bacterial infection caused by bacteria of the genus Pasteurella, most commonly Pasteurella multocida.

In the Barbary squirrel, a species of rodent often kept as a pet in Tunisia, this bacteria can cause respiratory damage, abscesses or generalized infection.

The disease also affects many other animals and can, in certain cases, be transmitted to humans.

Key point

Generalized forms (septicemia) are veterinary emergencies that can quickly put the animal's life in danger.

Commonly observed signs

These signs are neither exhaustive nor specific. Only a veterinarian can establish a diagnosis.

Related signs — each one links to its page:

Fever Runny nose Sneezing Difficulty breathing Loss of appetite Reduction Swelling Swollen lymph nodes Discharge from the eyes Weight loss

The signs depend on the location of the infection.

On the respiratory level, we observe sneezing, a runny nose or eyes, difficult or noisy breathing and sometimes coughing.

The animal may become despondent, less active, lose its appetite and gradually lose weight.

A fever is common in the acute phase.

Abscesses (pockets of pus) can appear under the skin, around the face or lymph nodes, forming firm and sometimes painful swellings.

In severe forms, the bacteria can pass into the blood and affect several organs, causing a very poor general condition which can lead to death if nothing is done.

When to consult without delay

This list does not replace veterinary advice. It gathers situations that justify a prompt consultation.

Causes and risk factors

The disease is caused by the bacteria Pasteurella multocida, sometimes other species of the Pasteurella genus.

This bacteria can be present naturally in the upper respiratory tract of many animals without causing symptoms, then become pathogenic when the animal is weakened or subjected to significant stress.

It can also be introduced by a bite, a scratch or direct contact with a carrier animal.

The stress linked to captivity, a change in environment, an unsuitable diet or a weakened immune system favor the appearance of the disease.

Cohabitation with other healthy rodents or small mammals increases the risk of contamination.

Insufficient hygienic conditions, poor ventilation or excessive humidity in the squirrel's habitat can also play a role.

Wounds, bites between conspecifics or poorly treated wounds constitute entry points for the bacteria.

Transmission

Transmission occurs by direct contact with the respiratory secretions or saliva of an infected animal, by bite or scratch, or by a contaminated environment.

The risk of transmission to humans exists especially in the event of a bite or scratch by a carrier animal.

Diagnosis and care

Diagnosis is the veterinarian's responsibility, based on clinical examination and laboratory tests. Care is decided case by case.

The veterinarian relies on the clinical examination of the animal and the history of symptoms.

A sample (nasal swab, abscess pus or blood test) can be sent to the laboratory to identify the bacteria and guide the choice of treatment.

Additional examinations such as an x-ray may be offered in the event of suspicion of deep lung damage or internal abscess.

Treatment

Treatment is mainly based on appropriate antibiotic therapy, prescribed and adjusted by the veterinarian according to the bacteria identified.

In the event of an abscess, surgical drainage is often necessary in addition to medical treatment.

Supportive care (rehydration, assisted feeding, anti-inflammatories) may be combined depending on the animal's general condition.

Treatment depends on the cause and the animal's condition: it must be determined by a veterinarian. No self-medication.

Prevention

It is recommended to maintain a clean, dry and well-ventilated environment for the squirrel.

Limiting stress, avoiding overcrowding in cages and monitoring cohabitation between animals reduces the risk of spread.

Any wound or scratch must be cleaned quickly to avoid secondary infection.

Isolating a newly acquired animal before putting it in contact with other residents helps limit the introduction of the bacteria into a group.

Washing your hands after handling, especially in the event of a wound on the animal, is a simple preventive measure for the owner.

Possible complications

Without treatment, the infection can progress to severe pneumonia, septicemia (general blood infection) or the formation of deep abscesses that are difficult to treat.

These complications can be life threatening for the animal.

When to see a veterinarian

The squirrel sneezes repeatedly or has a discharge from the nose or eyes.

He breathes laboriously, quickly or noisily.

A swelling or mass appears under the skin or near the jaw.

The animal becomes unusually despondent, refuses to eat, or loses weight for no apparent reason.

A recent wound or bite does not heal normally.

Transmission to humans

Pasteurella multocida can be transmitted to humans, mainly by bite or scratch from a carrier animal.

In humans, this can cause local infection of the wound, sometimes accompanied by redness, swelling and pain.

Immunocompromised people should be particularly careful and seek medical attention quickly in the event of a bite.

Prognosis

The prognosis is favorable if the disease is detected and treated early.

It becomes reserved in the event of generalized infection, deep abscesses or delay in treatment, due to the small size of the animal and its limited capacity to compensate for an advanced infectious state.

Frequently asked questions

Is pasteurellosis common in Barbary squirrels?

It is not the most frequently reported disease in this species, but it remains possible, particularly in cases of stress or injury. A veterinarian familiar with exotic animals will be able to better assess the situation.

Can I get this disease from my squirrel?

The risk exists especially in the event of a bite or scratch by an animal carrying the bacteria. Careful washing of the wound and prompt medical advice are recommended in this case.

Can a carrier squirrel without symptoms infect other animals?

Yes, certain animals can harbor the bacteria without being sick and transmit it during direct contact, hence the interest in monitoring cohabitation.

Should you isolate a sick squirrel from others?

Yes, it is prudent to isolate an animal presenting respiratory symptoms or an abscess to limit the spread to other residents, while awaiting the veterinarian's advice.